Cronbachs Alpha Reliability Analysis Psychology Essay

Cronbachs Alpha Reliability Analysis Psychology Essay Scale measurement is an important element in survey. The survey in this study involved 3 sections, which are section A, section B and section C. Nominal scale was used in survey section A, and ordinal scale was used in survey section B and C. Nominal scale is scale that labels the items rather than scales it (Howell, 2009). It includes male or female and yes or no. Normally it brings no meaning. Ordinal scale is simple rank model. The objects, individuals or events are categorized. It is known as ranked data as the ranking is ordered from highest to lowest or smallest to biggest (Jackson, 2011). Section A was created to gather the socio-demographic characteristics of respondent such as gender, ages, location of study in the UTAR and education level. Figure 3.1 Select your Gender: Male Female There were five dimensions in Section B which contained 20 statements to measure the independent variables. The sequence of these dimensions was social influence, environmental concern, environmental attitude and self-image. In the Section C are contained 5 statements to measure the dependent variable which was green purchasing behavior. In this research, 5-point likert scale is used (5=strongly agree, 4=agree, 3=neutral, 2=disagree and 1= strongly disagree). A 5-point Likert scale is good enough as increase in scale may confuse respondents (Hair, Bush Ortinau, 2003). Likert scale can achieve high degree of validity and reliability (Sarantakos, 1993; cited by Kronberg, 2011). Figure 3.2 3.7 Data Processing After all data had been collected from a sample of the target respondents, data processing is the next step to ensure the data in the standard of quality and complete. 3.7.1 Checking The first step of data processing is to check on questionnaire before it has been distributed. Hence it can reduce the unqualified data such as typing error, inconsistent questions and incomplete content. Therefore, the mistakes can be detected and corrected in advance. In addition, the questionnaire has been passed to our supervisor to double check. Collected data needs to be checked whether the feedback from target respondents are valid for the research. Pilot test has been used to test the reliability and accuracy of the questionnaires. The objective of data checking is to ensure the questionnaires are in quality and completeness. In this stage the grammar error corrections will be done. 3.7.2 Editing Editing is a process of examining the collected raw data to detect errors and omissions in the information returned by the respondents of the research, and to correct the data when possible. 3.7.3 Coding The next process is data coding which involves assigning a number to the participants response so that the data can be entered into a database. The code includes an indication of the column position (field) and data record. For example, the five point likert scale of variable, strongly disagree codes as 1 and strongly agree codes as 5. This coding is simplifying storage of data with digit codes and easier for categorizing when used SPSS software. 3.7.4 Transcribing Transcribing data is a process that transferring coded data from questionnaires or coding sheet into disks or computers for analyzing purpose. The data will pre-check to ensure the data is error free. When the data is transferred in SPSS software, it can be used for the research and generate the accuracy analysis from the questionnaire. 3.8 Data Analysis The raw data collected in research will be further analyzed by statistical method. After the questionnaires were returned to the researcher, the data were recorded and entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, which was uploaded into Predictive Analysis Software (PASW, previously known as The Statistical Package for Social Sciences, SPSS) for more detailed statistical analysis. PASW is a good first statistical package for people who want to perform quantitative research in social science because it is easy to use (Cheah, 2009). In this study, the analysis utilized were descriptive statistics which included frequency distribution, measure of central tendency and measure of dispersion, Cronbachs Alpha Reliability Analysis, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis. 3.8.1 Descriptive Analysis Descriptive analysis is used in the research to transform the raw data to a way that is meaningful (Zikmund, 2002). It may include graph, bar, pie chart, or any number that use to describe that raw data. It helps the researchers to summarize the study variables (Parasuraman, Grewal Krishnan, 2004). So that researchers can get to know the results and make interpretation based on descriptive statistics. 3.8.1.1 Reliability Test Reliability refers to dependency or consistency, which indicates that the same things is repeated or recurs under the identical conditions. The reliability of a measure shows the degree to which the measure is without bias (error free) and hence offers consistent measurement across time and across different items in the instrument (Sekaran, 2000). A reliable measure would show the stability and consistency with which the instrument measures the concept and help to access the goodness of a measure. According to Sekaran (2000), a measure with reliability less than 0.6 is considered poor, it should be at least 0.70 or above. The most widely used method to measure reliability is Cronbachs alpha. Cronbachs alpha is used for multipoint-scaled items (items in the scale are at least internal in nature). Generally, Cronbachs alpha will increase when the correlations between the items increase. Alpha value can take values between negative infinity and 1, although only positive values make sense (Cheah, 2009). The value of Cronbachs alpha should be at least 0.6 to be accepted, and the ideal value is 0.7 or above. 3.8.2 Descriptive statistics Descriptive studies are quite frequently undertaken in education institutions to learn about and describe the characteristics of a group of students, such examples as the age and years of education in an education institution. There are three types of measures used in descriptive statistics: frequency distribution and measures of central of tendency and measures of dispersion or variability. Researcher was able to find the frequencies, percentages and determine the mean and standard deviation for the variables in the questionnaires by using descriptive statistics. To understand the use of measurement terms, frequency distribution plays a critical role. According to Leech et al. (2005), frequency distribution is a tally or count of the number of times each score on a single variable occurs. The use of frequency distribution is to show the number of responses to each value of a variable. Normally, variable name, frequency counts for each value of the variable and cumulative percentages for each value related to a variable are shown by a frequency distribution. The distribution is said to be approximately normally distributed when there are small numbers of scores for the low and high values and most scores are for the middle values. The mean is the arithmetic average of a set of data. Typically, the data shows some degree of central tendency with the most responses distributed close to the mean value (Hair, Money, Samouel and Page, 2007). The mean is said to be a robust measure of central tendency as in most instances, it is not sensitive to data values being added or deleted (Hair et al., 2007). According to Joseph et al. (2007), standard deviation describes the spread or variability of the sample distribution values from the mean, and is perhaps the most valuable index of dispersion. 3.8.3 Cronbachs alpha reliability analysis As mentioned earlier, the most commonly type of measurement of internal consistency reliability used is Cronbachs coefficient alpha. When there are several Likert-type items that are summed, alpha is used to make a composite score or summated scale. According to Leech et al. (2005), alpha is based on the mean or average correlation of each item in the scale with every other item. 3.8.2 Inferential Analysis Inferential analysis refers to data analysis which is used to test specific hypothesis (Parasuraman et al., 2004). According to Greer Kolbe (2003), inferential statistics include drawing conclusions from information obtained in the data. 3.8.4 Pearson correlation analysis Sekaran (2003) stated that when the researcher interested in defines the important variables associated with the problem, the study is called correlation study. For example, correlation studies can be undertaken to find out whether any relationship between gender and income level exists? If yes, positive or negative relationship? The index ranges in value from -1 to +1, with zero indicating absolutely no relation between two variables. This coefficient indicates the degree that low or high scores on one variable tend to go to with low or high scores on another variable. Pearson correlation was used to determine the relationship between the independent variables (social influence, environmental concern, environmental attitude and concern for self-image in environmental protection) and dependent variable (green purchasing behavior). 3.8.5 Multiple regression analysis Multiple regression is a widely used statistical technique in sociology. The result of multiple regression can generate two things (Neuman, 2009). First, a measure called R-squared (R2) in the result can tell how well a set of variables explain a dependent variable. In other word, it shows the accuracy of predicting the dependent variable based on the information about the independent variables. For example, an R2 of .50 means that knowing the independent variables improve the accuracy of predicting the dependent variable by 50 percent (Neuman, 2009). The second thing generated by multiple regression is the measurement of the direction and size of the effect of each independent variable on a dependent variable (Neuman, 2009). For instance, the way how five independent or controlling variables simultaneously affect a dependent variable, with all the variables controlling the effects of one another can be seen by researcher. According to Neuman (2009), a standardized regression coefficient is used to measure the effect on the dependent variable. It is similar to a correlation coefficient (Neuman, 2009). A high standardized regression coefficient indicates a strong relationship between an independent variable and dependent variable. 3.9 Chapter Summary Research methodology is important as it can help researcher to systematically resolve the research problem. In this chapter, research framework and hypotheses are clarified. The other sections of this chapter include data sources, sampling design, data collection and data analysis.

Reaction Paper to Common Schools Essay

When I first started watching this video, I thought that it was just going to be another boring homework assignment like in all my other classes. To my surprise, the video actually wasn’t boring at all. I enjoyed watching it and would recommend it to anyone to watch. I enjoy informative videos and documentaries. What stands out in my mind about the video is how God was actually brought up and taught in the schools back then. The children were given the book The Primer and the hornbook which had a prayer in it. It’s crazy how much has changed since that time. Now in many schools when the Pledge of Allegiance is said, people will leave out â€Å"under God† because nobody wants to offend anybody who doesn’t believe in God. Even now when I look back at my elementary days, times have changed quite a bit. I remember when my teachers would have the class pray before we would go to eat lunch. As I child, I never thought that it was a bad thing to do. If anything, it would make children feel a little more appreciative of what they have instead of what they do not have. There was also times around Christmas and Easter when we would do projects that would involve God but nobody would ever make a big deal about it. Recently I have gone back and observed in a few classrooms in my hometown and it is totally different. Teachers don’t mention religion at all. Children don’t even say the Pledge of Allegiance and if children have a conversation about religion amongst themselves, the teacher has them stop talking about it. As a child that had religion in school, I feel grateful I was able to have that. Some children don’t have parents that take them to church or have anything to do with it and that little bit of prayer in school was the only thing they had. That gives children a sense of comfort that there is a higher power that is on their side. As a future educator, I feel like I know the boundaries as to where to draw the line with religion and school. I know not to be pushy or make any students feel uncomfortable about religion when they don’t believe the same way as someone else.

Reflection of the Adventure of Huckleberry Finn Essay

This novel was truly hard for me personally to read, because I have not really explored the world of southern society. During the days of reading this book I also learned many lessons of how to view the world in a different perspective. I learned that not all traditions can be explained with science or logic, but to just believe on what others thought it would be. The project that came along with this novel was a great way to analyze what the themes of this story consisted of. The themes in this book had many life experiences built within them. Mark Twain had great purpose when writing this book. I believe he wrote this book to show readers that there is never a right or wrong answer when dealing with one’s perspective. This book was a great way to expand my views on how environments and situations can affects decisions of young boy. I have truly learned from this book. I would recommend this to all future students taking this class. Look more:  examples of satire in huck finn essay I also want to talk about the team participation in my â€Å"Superstition† group. Overall, I believe that everyone did their part in contributing to the presentation. Jamacia led the team in making the Jeopardy game, Megan led the making of the powerpoint, Erik led the team in making games like charades, as well as bringing in the awesome smoke machine. I contributed my writing my paper and helping Megan with the presentation. I believe that our team worked well together.

INTERPROFESSIONAL WORKING Free Essay Example, 2500 words

One of the coordinators of the book by Mr. Ingleby (2005) was also a coordinator at the Migration, Mental health and social care program in the U. K. The program is mostly concerned with the mental health conditions of the above mentioned population in Britain. Other Programs (Intute, 2007) Edinburgh Mental health Research network. Centre for community Mental Health. Centre for citizenship and community and Mental Health. And many more†¦ Legal implications Mrs. IVY had to wait for a long time before she could avail her social service Benefits? In the case study of Mrs. Ivy, her daughter mentions that initially the social service representatives had requested for a GP, and it was also harshly said that until they get a referral from the GP â€Å"the social services won’t get involved†. So after eventually doing what Mrs. Ivy’s daughter was told to do, she contacted the GP again and they arranged a psychiatrist and a psychologist to visit Mrs. Ivy, this was the time when she was diagnosed with â€Å"some form of dementia†. Soon after submitting the GP she realized that Mrs. Ivy had been put on a waiting list and then looking at the deteriorating condition of her mother had to contact a branch of the local Alzheimer’s Society. Implication The legal allegation broken here was through the recently amended Social Services Act (recently amended in 2002). We will write a custom essay sample on INTERPROFESSIONAL WORKING or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Since the amendments made in the Social Services Act (Socialstyrelsen, 2002), the victim now has a much greater right to appeal in front of the Social service representative for a quick decision. This right was not used by Mrs. Ivy’s daughter. In the whole case study, it was never mentioned that the waiting by social services had been cleared, not until the time Mrs. Ivy died. So†¦ How’s this correct or even moral? It is very clear that the social services were not supervising the situation clearly, because doctors could have slowed down the progress of diseases like Alzheimer if it had been detected at the right time. Secondly, neither was any action taken from the regulatory authorities that regulate or supervise social services. Ethical Implications Mrs. Ivy’s Son or Daugher Could have had her Stay with either one of them! Mrs. Ivy was suffering from a worsening mental problem and thus it is clear that she should have had someone to take care for her all the time. This was a much larger ethical implication than just letting her die. Instead of thinking â€Å"Should we force fully feed her or not? † The doctors, nurses, and primarily her family members should have thought â€Å"What is the reason she wants to die? †.

The Five Stages Of Grief - 1566 Words

The â€Å"five stages of grief† is a model in which a person supposedly goes through when they are in despair. The stages are: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance, in that order. But, grief is a natural human emotion, and there are almost 7.5 billion people on earth, so does each individual person really follow this system? According to Grief Is the Thing with Feathers, by Max Porter, it appears not, as the book gives the readers three characters that are mourning, with each of them having their own way of struggling with the sadness. Porter portrays the three wounded characters’ grief through the use of disconnecting stories to suggest that grief is taken differently for each individual. Porter implies that Dad’s way of dealing with bereavement is by creating an imaginary figure, thinking that everything is about his wife, and reminiscing about his past. Before Dad meets Crow, he is portrayed as hopeless and pitiful, as he is smoking and drinking (4). But, when Crow arrives at the house, Dad is hoisted up from a â€Å"feathery hammock† created from the giant bird (6). Dad needed someone or something to be there with him, as his loneliness was getting the best of him. Dad’s imagination gifts him a therapy device, which was Crow. Crow comforted Dad both physically and mentally: Crow helped Dad to sleep â€Å"for the first time in days† by forming a hammock with his wings; Crow also gave Dad a figure to talk to when he is lonely. In addition, Dad copes with his sufferingShow MoreRelatedThe Five Stages of Grief799 Words   |  3 Pagesdealing with the grieving process. The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and ac ceptance. The first stage of grief is denial. In this stage the death of the loved one is denied because of the shock. (Axelrod 2006) People have a hard time trying to cope so they deny it ever happened. 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This means that a personRead MoreThe Five Stages Of Grief2363 Words   |  10 PagesGrief It’s ironic that Elizabeth Kubler-Ross theory, of the five stages of grief is present in the story â€Å"Hamlet† by William Shakespeare after so many centuries later. Hamlet is believed to be the most dramatic play in history, and comes with many personal conflicts that people still today will struggle with. In â€Å"Hamlet†, the main character, Hamlet goes through the 5 stages of grief throughout the story. Elizabeth Kubler- Ross developed a theory based on how she believed to be the stages of acceptanceRead MoreThe Five Stages Of Grief2355 Words   |  10 Pagestheory, of the five stages of grief is present in the story â€Å"Hamlet† by William Shakespeare after so many centuries later. Hamlet is believed to be the most dramatic play in history, and comes with many personal conflicts that people still today will struggle with. 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Chapter Eight of Great Expectations Essay - 1397 Words

Look In Detail At Chapter Eight Of Great Expectations And Consider The Significance Of The Chapter To The Novel As A Whole Chapter 8 is when Pips Great Expectations start and Play Begins. Pip goes to Satis House because Miss Havisham has asked for a boy to come and play. When going to Miss Havishams House Pip is introduced to Estella and the moment he sets eyes on her, his Great Expectations begin. Pip thinks that Estella is very pretty and he falls in love with her. However I think Estella is mean and scornful and obnoxious and pompous and stuck-up and thoughtless and it all started because of how Miss Havisham brought her up. I believe that she is like this because she has copious amounts of respect for Miss†¦show more content†¦Also miss Havisham is using Pip to make herself feel better. She tells Estella to Beggar him. She says this in context to the card game (Beggar Thy Neighbour) but the reader knows that she means beggar him in life. Estella is very vindictive. She is like a product of Miss Havishams upbringing but growing up too fast. Pip meets Estella at Satis House where we are introduced to Miss Havisham. Her house is like a prison as she has boarded up the windows and barred the windows. The way in which the house is described makes us feel as if the overgrown gardens are like the sea, and Satis House is like a ship stranded at sea. This reminds us of Magwitch and the prison hulks. The word bars is repeated many times to accentuate the fact that Miss Havishan lives in a house like a prison. The theme of imprisonment is prevalent throughout the whole chapter. Miss Havisham has imprisoned herself by never going out and living like the dead. She is like the seeds in Mr Pumblechooks drawer, as if she could break out of these jails and bloom. Mr Pumblechook is a local seedsman, he is a pompous greedy man. Miss Havisham asked him to find a local boy to come and play and because he knew Mrs Joe (Pips sister) he picked Pip. Pip had to go and stay with Mr Pumblechook for a day because it is close to Satis House. When he was staying there Mr Pumblechook was being very greedy, he gave Pip minuet amounts of milk mixed with warm water andShow MoreRelatedEssay about Settings in Great Expectations928 Words   |  4 PagesShow how Dickens uses settings in Great Expectations to enhance our understanding of character and the symbolic elements of the plot - Great expectations Show how Dickens uses settings in Great Expectations to enhance our understanding of character and the symbolic elements of the plot. As we notice in the novel Great Expectations, Charles Dickens uses many different narrative techniques other than the usual description. One of these techniques is that of describing character throughRead MoreThe General Theory Of Employment, Interest, And Money.1653 Words   |  7 Pageshis toddler years in Cambridge where he attended kindergarten. 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Daniela Monologue Essay Example For Students

Daniela Monologue Essay A monologue from the play by Angel Guimera NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from Masterpieces of Modern Spanish Drama. Ed. Barrett H. Clark. New York: Duffield Co., 1917. RAMON: It\s an absolute lie, the whole story. We have not abandoned her. As a child she was left without father or mother when she was seven years old. Her mother, a good woman, was unfortunate in love, and set her heart on a worthless fellow, one of those glib, smooth-tongued wretches, half French, half Spanish, who hail from nobody knows where. Well, one day they were married. Years later, she died from a blow that he gave her, and the man, for he was a smuggler, was found dead one morning in a gully on the French border, half across the line from Spain, slain in a drunken brawl. As for the girl, she was brought home to us and she became to mea sister. But she was a strange child, always making a great outcry, passionate and wild, impetuously stamping and weeping about, so that one day my father went to lay hands on her to control her; and, because I defended her and held him off, he became angry with me, till, choking with rage, he could no longer bear to see her in the house. She , seeing how his passion had possessed him, for she was very near thirteen then and seemed much older, one day, when a party of mountebanks or jugglers were passing through the village, disappeared, and when it came to be vesper time we could not find her. Nowhere Daniela! I ran through the streets distractedeverywhere about. At first I thought I would go mad, for I feared she had fallen from some cliff or that the rapid current of the river had carried her away. I wanted to kill myself, believing that she was dead. We had lived so much together I did not really know her; I was too young to understand. Like a fool, for days I wandered through the villages and towns, until, at last, one night I learned that she had been seen crossing the frontier in a tartana with those same mountebanks, laughing, chattering there on the seat beside them, carousing in their arms, and shamelessly making merry. And this, this womanthis is she, that Daniela you know, for whom I would have given up my li fe, and who has never once since so much as troubled herself to think of me, no, not once, nor of her home. And now that she finds herself sick and poor, without resources, cast-off, rejected, despised, she has the shamelessness to propose to return home again to me and present herself again in my house. Ah! How does it appear to you now, gentlemen? Is it another story? Let her die and be buried in the deepest hole in the ground as befits such a thing, rather than that after what has happened, she should again enter my house. I have my wife, I have my children, we are happy because we believe in God and have done wrong to no man, no, not in all our lives, but goodnothing but goodand to that, you can all bear witness.